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A New Book

Governance of universities and academic skills of managers

Some ideas from a doctoral research

Author: Ramzi Maamer

ISBN: 978-613 - 1-55255-7

Price: 29 €

In management science, several recent research studies and reaffirmed the need to understand the university system from several angles of reflection (finance, management control , strategic management, management Human Resources ...); this need takes into account the context of mutations and change in which universities are now living.

In this book, it is bringing light on major developments, the mode and relations between different actors in higher education while providing a reflection on the modes of management skills "academic managers", their role and their position in the universities. We will try to raise some questions about how these teachers researchers construct their individual skills needed to carry out their tasks of management of universities.

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The Fundraising: the method of financing that will revolutionize the universities and colleges

A revolution is underway. Discreet yet, because the actors involved are still few. Others are getting into, but prefer not to know, to keep critics or maintain their lead. This revolution has an English-sounding "Fundraising". In universities and higher education, yet they say in English because the concept has the taste of America. We can also talk about fundraising appeal donations, research sponsors, philanthropists quest ... but the goal remains the same. This is to appeal to the generosity of alumni, faculty, staff affiliated with the university, but also and especially businesses and corporate foundations local or national, and why not "friends of the university, "those who share its values or are sensitive to its mission.

Research, senior professors or maintenance of a campus are more and more expensive, and in Europe, states no longer follow. At the same time the dollars rain - Hundreds of millions - of American universities, through the generosity of their alumni. It was sobering.

Besides the use of patronage, other avenues for improving the finances are explored (increase in contract research, training, patents ...) or may be (increased fees). But not only arouses the curiosity of all school leaders. Retort that it is an illusion, that the philanthropic tradition in America is not France. However, the fundraising seemed completely wacky British universities there are 15 years old. He is currently developing it successfully. In France, the big schools are also starting to get results. Especially as the legislative, fiscal and policy has never been as favorable.

Source: Observatory Boivigny (File published in October 2007)

Definition of Fundraising (according to Wikipedia): Fundraising to complete a project or organization. An association, for example, organizes an auction to finance the construction of a hospital.

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Albert-Odimba

* Albert Bongo.

ninth child of a modest family of farmers from the region of Franceville (in eastern Gabon), Albert Bongo was born in 1935. Orphaned at 12, he is placed under the guardianship of an uncle he follows the will of its mutations. Used as ancillary to the main post office in Brazzaville, he passed the entrance exam for the PTT administration.


* Albert Bernard Bongo.
Meanwhile, Albert Bongo hitherto Animist, converted to Catholicism and the opportunity to adopt a second name: Bernard. Called up in 1958, he made his service in the army French air and leaves lieutenant in 1960, while Gabon becomes independent. The first head of state of the country is Leon Mba. He obtained the support of General de Gaulle and Foccart (the gentleman Africa generally). It must be said that Mba has everything to reassure him. For several years, he campaigned in effect for that Gabon will be transformed into a French department and for a fig tricolor flag in a corner of Gabon! Meanwhile, Albert-Bernard Bongo joined the Foreign Ministry, where he was spotted by the president of Gabon.



Albert Bongo and Leon Mba.

In 1962, at age 27, Bongo became his chief of staff. However, very quickly, the President becomes an autocrat and the army overthrew him 17 February 1964 in a coup d'etat. French troops intervene immediately to restore Mba faithful in his duties. But ill (he has cancer), Mba trying to find a dolphin potential. Bongo seems the man for the job. After an interview test with de Gaulle, he was dubbed as the designated successor. In 1966 he became vice president and constitutional successor. Thus, it automatically becomes the second president of the Gabonese Republic to the death of Mba in 1967.

Bongo and General de Gaulle in January 1968.

Bongo therefore installed in the presidential palace, the seafront boulevard in Libreville. From March 1968, he launched the CEO (Gabonese Democratic Party) and then terminates to multiparty the pretext that he could see the country pouring into tribalism (each ethnic likely to vote for its members ). This authoritarian turn raises very little challenge in any case certainly not France. Bongo affirmed in effect as a strong supporter of the former metropolitan in the area.

During the Biafran war (from 1967), it makes available Libreville Airport (De Gaulle and Houphouet Boigny supported the secession of this province's rich Nigerian). So that by the Gabonese airport transit of arms to rebel Biafran (under the guise of humanitarian flight to the Red Cross). Franco-Gabonese relations are so very "cordial" in the name of the best interests of everyone and a real complicity is created between the French secret services and the president of Gabon. Bongo has its place in France, it needs support to Gabon to continue his interventions more or less discreet in equatorial Africa.

formula Bongo summarizes quite well the Franco-Gabonese relations. For him, "Africa without France is the car without the driver. France without Africa is a car without fuel." In fact, the rich oil resources of the country provide an economic boost to the country. Libreville bristles when modern high-rise buildings. Bongo knows and build on the wealth of the country whose basement is full of manganese, uranium and especially oil. It is then a builder and built the Trans-Gabon railway, a deepwater port, power plants, the roads, endows the country with an airline (Air Gabon). Everything seems so successful in some small country and then talk miracle Gabon ". Yet if we look more closely, we find that its development is entirely dependent on oil, while social inequalities become particularly glaring.

The young President Bongo (1973).

* El Hadj Omar Bongo.
In 1973, Bongo converted to Islam. Again, expediency seems to dictate his choice more than a spiritual concern. Conversion comes in effect after a visit to Colonel Gaddafi. Bongo, Omar must now be called, is probably motivated by a rapprochement with the Gulf countries, rich in oil. In fact, Gabon joined Gabon in 1975.




Bongo control his country firmly and impose its views in a "little green book" which quickly became a bible for any self-respecting Gabon. The president will multiply the maxims soothing. Nothing seems to threaten Bongo who triumph during the various elections (he collects more than 99% of the vote in 1973, 1979 and 1986, for lack of opponents). Political opponents are meanwhile, silenced or executed (as Germain Mba murdered right in Libreville by two French mercenaries).

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Tunisia, the university plans to spend contractual

The Ministry of Higher Education wants to phase out the formula of the contract, currently numbering 5346, to promote a core consisting of a permanent faculty in the university.

institutions of higher education often turn to contractors, especially since many academic disciplines, English, Computer and to a lesser extent French, starved for teaching corps. Contractors are unavoidable, " all universities in need, but to a limited extent, otherwise it would have negative effects on the quality of teaching ", said Bashir Tekkari minister.

Contract teachers are often left to themselves, in the absence of a framework that would ensure them their seniors. The problem arises particularly in institutions that lack of teacher-researchers, namely, higher education professors and lecturers required to ensure that framework.

This a relationship of cause and effect, the deficiency under permanent teaching leads to an increase in the number of contractors. New recruitment of teachers do not, in fact, needs, particularly in specialties that have increased exponentially in the number of students. Of the 21,210 teachers of Superior (11 530 men), nearly one quarter or 5346 are under contract. They live a truly precarious, since they are fired after four to five years at the university. The workload assigned to them in contract, (9 to 10 hours of instruction per week, overtime, TD), even if it allowed them to gain some teaching experience, preventing them from completing their thesis. Once their contracts come to an end, so they come back to square one. A situation that has pare graduate schools.

The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research has to move away from the contractual formula, doing doctoral nursery assistant training, open to graduates from the master to conduct their research. PhD students will find in these scientific structures and technological leadership required: mentors, research topics, references etc.. Research students graduate schools will be allowed to provide up to 5 hours of instruction in college, under the status of associate researcher. Otherwise, they will receive a scholarship whose value will be determined later.

Once out of graduate schools, they will spend the assistantship. If they succeed, they will be recruited as assistants. Ultimate goal: to consolidate the permanent faculty and phase of the contractual formula.

Graduate schools are created within institutions of higher education and research may issue master's degrees and doctorates. These structures work around a set of complementary pathways to doctoral studies (biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics etc.).. There are by now, 37 graduate schools totaling 107 master's degrees and over 10 universities. They have 120 laboratories and 459 research units.

Source: Gnet.tn (October 7, 2010)

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University of Lyon wants to develop a model Ecocampus

Located in Villeurbanne, in the suburbs of Lyon, LyonTech campus, the site of Donna, wants to become a leader in innovative clean technologies. For this, he intends to rely on its two core areas: the chemistry and engineering for sustainable development. "The principle is to design a campus that will serve as ecologically exemplary research support and training in the field of sustainable urban development" , "said Jean Chaudonneret, project director at the university of Lyon.

The Ecocampus Lyon, fully vegetated, wants to go even further, with management of public lighting in collaboration with laboratories located on the site, development of soft transport modes, deferral of parking outside, rehabilitation of existing buildings that meet high environmental standards (QEH), and especially the sustainable water management: organization of green and blue, retrieval, storage and utilization of water surface and rainwater for irrigation, use of innovative technologies Natural bitumen such as porous pavements covering. Subject
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"The campus is not designed as a space that we will be content with a green label HQE" says Michel Lussault, president of the Center for Research and Higher Education ( PRES) in Lyon. According to the proponents, to be finished by 2020, it is not to create an eco-neighborhood "traditional", but to rehabilitate an existing urban area of 100 ha and 220 000 m 2 buildings, which hosts 22,000 students and 2,000 researchers from three institutions: the University Claude Bernard Lyon-I, National Institute of Applied Sciences and College of Chemistry and Physics Electronic.

"Innovation is the function of a campus" , "says Dr. Chaudonneret, who insists that " the proposed rehabilitation, sector by sector, is unprecedented in France ". Not only virtuous, but also subject of study for researchers, rather than testing of innovative technologies for industrial partners and public awareness website and school campus LyonTech became, even before being converted, an object of curiosity.
The project, whose cost is estimated 300 million euros, is part of a wider operation, Lyon Cité Campus, which aims, among other things, rehabilitating buildings and rethink the outdoor campus de la Doua Lyon and Charles Mérieux, through a call for projects under the stimulus plan. This must be funded to the tune of 575 million euros by the state, 85 million from the Rhone-Alpes, 36 of the Rhône department and 32 of the urban community of Lyon.

Source: LeMonde.fr (September 30, 2010)

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TUNISIA: When our scientists devalue their own work

According to the 2010 ranking of best universities in the world, produced by Shanghai University, the first Tunisian university, namely, that of Sousse has a disreputable place, finishing in 6719th globally. That's the least we can say unworthy of a country that wants to be at the forefront, if not emerging, at least at the level of Arab and African countries in the field of education and higher education. Worse, Tunisia is far behind Egypt Morocco and Algeria and more importantly it is overtaken by Libya and Mauritania! At first glance, there's plenty to fall over backwards or falling from the sky because it affects our national pride, but to see it more closely once the surprise past, we realize said that the ranking is the least we can say unfairly because of the criteria adopted. Indeed, it is based solely on criteria of exact science and research ignores the efforts of training or technological innovations or the humanities. Why our direct competitors, namely the Arab and African have they upgraded? This is certainly not based on the most critical criterion in the classification established by Shanghai University, namely, the number of Nobel Prize winners among former students and researchers from each university, but certainly account Given a second test, no less importantly, to say the number of publications in the assets of their researchers. But beware of hasty conclusions! As stated by Prof. Hamed Ben Dhia: "In fact, our universities are served by old habits by our researchers who instead of mention their home university, in their publications generally indicate either the name of the laboratory or research unit to which they belong or the name of the institution within which they work. However, our production is fairly good as evidenced by the system that inventories annually Scopus scientific publications worldwide. In fact, Tunisia is ranked among the top 5 countries across the MENA region and throughout Africa with 2,500 scientific papers per year. Therefore, our researchers are expected to further enhance their products and especially to express their feelings of belonging to their respective universities as it is in the visibility of our national scientific community. " However, our interest to show more humility and perseverance on the path of restructuring our educational system in general to aspire to align ourselves with international standards, while avoiding the copy and paste . About reforms, all recent presidential decisions relating to basic education and those on higher education are very reassuring about the future of the school and university Tunisian although the national educational system needs more bolder reforms, particularly in evaluation skills. Source: Journal of Time - September 17, 2010

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The history of the RTG Gabon

is from 28 November 1959, Gabon enters the era of audiovisual communication including the official opening by President Leon Mba Radio Gabon. For the first time people heard their president speaking in these terms: "... Now I can speak to all of Gabon, Gabon and hear my voice like I was before them in their home ... "

Located Louis, a district of Libreville, the studios were connected to two smaller issuers, one of one kilowatt medium wave, the Another four kilowatts tropical waves. The studios themselves were like a water lovers, with only a portable mixer, a microphone, tape recorder and a turntable.

Only in May 1960, Radio Gabon will provide a control room and a studio that can be described as "modern." It is also from that date, Radio Gabon will increase its programs. In 1961, the budget of the station amounts to 40 million CFA francs .

Also, Radio Gabon, which improves over time as it is becoming is captured in almost all neighboring countries and saw its audience increase by the day.

Claude Mathieu (see photo at right center) was the first director of Radio-Gabon. Roger Guy OGOMBE Vicky FOURNIER, Ruffin Moukagni, Basil NGUEMA (leaders), Jean-Bernard Djodje Clement Asseh (its operators), Daniel EKOM Henry Teribert (journalists) were the pioneers of Radio-Gabon.

After radio, the month of May 1963 saw the birth of television with Gabonese mission is "To inform, educate and entertain." George RAWIRI (portrait) becomes the first director of Radio and Television Gabon (RTG).

Inaugurating the first broadcasts, May 9, 1963 attended by Mr TRIBOULET, French Minister of Cooperation, President Leon Mba, said that "... The television will not be for us a simple object distraction, it will be an effective means of education and information ... "At that time, the transmitter placed at his disposal was 4 kW, and some time later more than 30 kW.

The inaugural program, May 9, 1963 Gabonese television was as follows :

21 h 30 : Address by Mr. PONTILLON, CEO the OCORA (radio Cooperation Office)

Address M . TRIBOULET, French Minister of Cooperation

Address by President of the Republic, Mr. Leon MBA

21 h 50 : Newscast

Day in Libreville

News Worldwide

22 hours 20 : Libreville Paris-in music. variety show with all typical Gabonese Afro Success "and: The Companions of Song, Petula Clark Sacha Distel, Dalida, Sheila; Charles Aznavour, Johnny Halliday

23 h 10 : Sports Magazine

23 h 30 : TV News, news

23 h 35 : End emissions.

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Vicky Fournier

A woman in the early hours of the Radio Gabonese television, inescapable in the media of his day, Vicky is an emblematic figure in the history of broadcasting in Gabon.

Born at Pointe Denis Mien a mother and a father of Brazil and is a descendant of King Denis Rapontchombo. Educated at St. Peter and avid reader, Vicky gets a near-perfect elocution. Then she flew to Cameroon to join his mother and met the man of her life. Vicky married July 15, 1950. This union will have a son, doctor today and made her a grandma filled.

So when the RTG will be created in 1959, Vicky Fournier joined this young team the year after already raising his voice in the local press, but also on weather forecasts. Encouraged initially by Georges Rawiri then Agathe Okoumba of Okwatségué. After training in France, it resumed service with a new air of dynamism and created his first radio magazine, "The Magazine for Women" and "I picked for you", "Evocation of the past" "You want to know who," "Do your market ',' Mwana magazine.

Its main themes revolve primarily on the social: Women, children and culture. However, it will be a great success with a program in vernacular "Elombe sika", "From the discussion light shines." Confident that the actress slept with her, she participates in three legendary films; Crossroads Pierre Marie Dong, Ayumi and Yves Okwery Ilombe. Vicky Fournier will spend 20 years in the TGN, then 3 years at the Pan African Radio Africa No. 1. She will retire with le grade d’Inspecteur de production.

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Weston Gabon 1967


Weston Gabon 1967 – Jazz pianist and composer Randy Weston autographing album jackets for students in Gabon, 1967.

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The management at the University

Interview with Axel Khan on management at the University (led by Professor Peter Louart )

The maintenance appeared following the publication of No. 299 - September / October 2010 review of Humanism and Enterprise under the theme Humanism and Management ( http://humanisme-et-entreprise.asso-web.com/ ).

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Axel Kahn is a doctor with a specialty in ; hematology and Doctor of Science. It is irector of Research at INSERM, and former director of the Cochin Institute, he is from December 20, 2007 the President of the University Paris Descartes.

On the administrative and academic, Axel Kahn ran for the presidency of the University Paris Descartes with a three proposals. He was elected Dec. 20, 2007 by the Board when he was the only candidate. He said his goals and vision of the Pécresse law on the autonomy of universities in an interview the magazine Le Point. He nevertheless supported the Academic Pride. On 18 December 2008, he was elected president of the Research Committee of the Conference of University Presidents (CPU).

Axel Kahn has positioned itself strongly in favor of reform on university autonomy (making up his chairmanship of Paris Descartes game) and Decree on academics, which arouses opposition a significant number of faculty in 2009. It has however disconnected from the President Sarkozy who, during a broadcast TV February 5, 2009, has claimed the support of "like personality left." February 7, in an interview on Europe 1, Axel Kahn refused to be "taken hostage", criticized the president's offensive and derogatory comments about the researchers kept the Elysee Jan. 22 and told him that in these circumstances, its reform "now ill-fitted" does not happen. A week later he said the new version of the decree "acceptable" while asserting that "it would unacceptable offset by overloads, lack of faculty. " (Source: Wikipedia - August 2010)

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The oldest cathedral west africa



St. Mary's Cathedral in Libreville, Gabon. Built in 1864, when the Gabon was a French colony. It is the oldest cathedral on the west coast of Africa.

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Centennaire du Gabon,Libeville, Juin 1950.Le President Fourcade avec un pretre et,assis da left: Mrs. Jane Vialle, MP; M.Cornut-Gentile, High Commissioner in AEF and Jean Jacqes Jugla Commission overseas the National Assembly - 100-years jubilee, Gabon, 195.
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Evidence of a stone during a mass. A évêque.Libreville, Gabon 1950 Laying a stone mass Düring, Libreville, Gabon, 1950.



Centenary of Gabon, Libreville, June 1950: Former Governor John Fourcade (top hat), Bernard Cornut-Gentile, Governor General of the AEF, a stranger - 100-years jubilee of Gabon, June 1950. 8



Centennial Gabon, paraded before the Governor's Palace, from 1950 to 1910 years'jubilee of Gabon; parade in fromt of The Governor's Palace, 1950.
Hi flag at November 11, 1940, Libreville, Gabon. Amid the Col.Monclar, later commander of French forces during the Korean War - Hoisting the flag, November 11.1940, Libreville, Gabon.
wrecks a plane Vichy troops shot dead near Libreville, Gabon, Oct.1940.The Remains Of An airplane Of The Vichy forces, Brought down near Libreville, Gabon, October 1940.

Centenary of Gabon Libreville, June 1950.De right to left: Jacques Fourcade, Speaker of the Assembly of the French Union, its femme,Pierre Pelieu,Gouverneur du Gabon, inconnu, François Reste, ancien Gouverneur Général de l'AEF(en habit).100-year jubilee

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The music of Gabon is heavily influenced by the rumba, both the Cuban that was broadcast by Radio Belgian Congo, who formed the first modern orchestra of the country. It was not until the late 1960’s until musicians would take the Afro-Cuban rumba as well as jazz, rhythm ‘n’ blues and combine them with traditional Gabonese elements like “ndjembé” and “bwiti” to define their own sound.

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Hospital


A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE EVOLUTION OF COLONIAL HOSPITALS

When military operations are being undertaken, the sick and the seriously-injured are admitted into basic and makeshift installations : first-aid posts and ambulant hospitals in the countryside.

In times of peace, the hospital is a source of confidence for the indigenous people while it welcomes and looks after the European population as well as native soldiers and civil servants. Permanent installations, better and better equipped, are called ambulances, health centres and finally hospitals.

Hospital in the principal town of a colony

This last stage is attained when two conditions are fulfilled : on the one hand, the admission of patients into well fitted-out shelters; on the other hand, high-quality medicine all the more efficacious when it is dispensed by specialists capable of handling more sophisticated techniques.

Evolution is progressive. The beginnings are modest : two physicians, one in charge of medicine, the other of surgery (the chief physician of the establishment has the highest rank), a chemist, an administrator, some members of the staff, besides whom are native workers, more and more numerous as time goes on and better and better trained. The hospital necessarily contains an operating theatre, a maternity ward, a laboratory, a ward for the mentally unwell... but also the kitchen, the linen room, the garage...

The advent of electricity revolutionizes working conditions : surgical operations take place under bright lights, the autoclaves and the sterilizers are modernised. Later on, x-rays, refrigeration, cold chains and air-conditioning transform the practice of medicine. At the beginning, only military personnel are in the services : in the fever and contagion sections as far as medicine is concerned and in the section for the wounded in surgery. The qualifications of these workers are made more explicit. After the Second World War, most of the hospitals are renovated, others are built. Special branches of medicine begin to appear : Paediatrics, Respirology, Gynaecology... Non-military public employees are recruited. They are few and occupy such posts as that of chief midwife or dentist. Special attention is given to the needs of poor indigenous people, who have been receiving free medical attention accorded to the natives. Very often, as in Bamako, in Conakry..., they are admitted into particular quarters or wards. In the big capitals, a second general hospital is built for them, for example in Dakar, in Antananarivo, in Pnom-Penh, in Saigon. These hospitals are also directed by the Colonial Health Service.

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Fr. Marcel lefebvre poses with seminarians from the Grand Seminary in Libreville, Gabon (1936), of which he became Rector in 1934.
Three of his students will become bishops: Bishop Makouaka, Bishop Okamba an Bishop François Ndong (circled),
who will become the first Gabonese bishop. Archbishop Lefebvre himself will perform the episcopal consecration in 1961.
Two others will become heads of state. Fr. Lefebvre wears the hat.

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2010 World Ranking of Universities

Ranking Universities 2010 published Friday by the Shanghai Communication University this year is still dominated overwhelmingly by the Americans and mark a rise of Germany and stagnation of France.

Top 500, posted by Jiaotong University, is widely followed in Europe, where he is also highly contested, and sees the enthroned first place for the 8th consecutive year, the American University of Harvard. Like last year, the U.S. ranks 17 out of 19 first places. The trio is the same as last year, but behind Harvard, Berkeley breath in second place this year at Stanford.

For Europe, only British rival universities of Cambridge (5th) and Oxford (10th) slip in the top 10 along with all American universities.

In 20th place, the University of Tokyo is the first non-US institution and non-European top ranking. The highest ranking of Switzerland: 23rd place of the Institute of Technology Zurich to Canada's 27th place at the University of Toronto and Belgium: 90th place at the University of Ghent (Gent).

Among the top 500, Germany reached this year in second place with 39 universities ranked far behind the United States (154) but ahead of the United Kingdom (38) and Japan (25 ).

France, who was fifth in 2009 with 23 universities, is sixth with 22 institutions this year, tied with Italy and China. It only three institutions in the first 100: Pierre et Marie Curie in the 39th place (40th in 2009), Paris-Sud in the 45th (43th) and Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS-Ulm) in the 71st (70th).

The idea of this ranking released since 2003 was born when Beijing decided to adopt internationally renowned universities. Was to define the criteria for a university to be considered world class and see how Chinese universities were located. Today Jiaotong seems a bit overwhelmed by the interest in his classification, and the criticism it wipes in Europe, and particularly in France.

Europe - which hopes to establish its own ranking next year - believes that the criteria discriminate against its universities and the ranking is almost exclusively scientific. These criteria essentially retain the research performance at the expense of training: the number of Nobel prizes, Fields medals (the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in mathematics) and articles published in journals such only Anglo-Saxon "Nature "or" Science. " Francophones are not taken into account.

Valerie Pécresse, French Minister Higher Education, visited July Jiaotong promote the ongoing reform of French universities, told AFP Ying Cheng, executive director of the center Jiaotong which compiles the rankings.

Evidence of their concern, Norway has also sent a minister on the campus of Jiaotong and Denmark is about to do the same.

Source: Cyberpresse.ca (by AFP) published August 13, 2010

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What university autonomy?

University autonomy is a very important reform (In France) which was prepared with great care by the conference of university presidents, and we did not want things to be confused with the reform of European degrees.

A university that wins its autonomy does not become a private university. Status nonexistent anyway. And there is a gradation. We can read the degree of autonomy of an institution of higher education as it has fully or partially of one or more of the following independence:

Master Budget

That is to say free spending of state grants or free fixing of fees

Development Strategy

definition internal plan long-term development and positioning of the institution on a national and international

Politics student recruitment

Establishing a selection of pupils at different levels entry, for example

Recruitment and personnel management

independent Recruitment of teachers, researchers and administrative staff. Free or pay policy management and career plans

Fluency educational organization

Definition of offer training and course content

;

Investment and Management of movable and immovable

That is to say a self-management of housing stock, even the free acquisition of securities and the establishment of investment funds.

Internal Audit

Evaluation by internal control and peer

Source: Observatory Boivigny

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What is MBA?

Anglo-Saxon diploma created in the early twentieth century United States, the MBA (Master of Business Administration) has become the international benchmark of general degree management.

The international context and the growing demand for multicultural profiles had the effect of boosting the diploma now taught all over the world. The agenda of a classic MBA: 18 months to two years of lessons covering all the managerial skills: finance, taxation, management and accounting, law, human resources, languages ...

Very practical, MBA courses are based on case studies worked in small groups. The staff work to provide outside school hours, especially for research, is therefore: do an MBA requires investment both financially and large staff.

Source: Expansion. Com

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Plagiarism at the University

The university decided to get serious about plagiarism. Given the extent of data available on the Internet, students have become accustomed to "copy and paste" a master hand. Theses, dissertations, reports ... number of documents are involved in the looting of copyright. "We must educate all citizens on the Internet is not a free field of law ," warns Helen Indart-Maurel, a professor of literature at the University of Tours and author of Plagiarism, behind the scenes of writing . The warning does not apply only to academics but to all those who are drafting documents, including the education minister, Luc Chatel , which noted Rue 89 plagiarism of collaborative encyclopedia Wikinfo.

But Hélène Maurel-Indart, if plagiarism is growing, not only because of the Internet. "Of course, with computers, there is the trivialization of gesture copying and pasting." One click, no need to copy manual pages of the book. "But there is also increasing the number of entries to the master, with students who are not always able to capitalize on their information." If you believe the teacher, this practice is particularly widespread in the publishing world. Books more quickly to related news, signatures are not always those of the real perpetrators ... A confusion of sources, she says, contributes to plagiarism.

DETECTORS SIMILARITIES AS A SOLUTION?

A University Lyon 2 since 2000, all theses must be placed online, which had feared more than they are plagiarized. From 2007, universities in the city are equipped software plagiarism detection Compilatio, becoming the spearhead of this hunt copy and paste.

The detection platforms are widespread in the Anglo-Saxon. They are to identify associations of six consecutive words from the Internet and an internal database . Since 2005, the privately Compilatio.net made this software in France. "Generally, sources identified are copies of previous work, the free encyclopedia Wikipedia and online sites selling records, "said Anne Hamel, marketing manager Compilatio.net. " Our site allows teachers analyze systematically the texts and not to the client's head, "says it. The aim of this private company is to equip the French universities and schools before going to high school students.

A report on the digital university advocates wider use of such software antiplagiats in universities. Handling the case, Henry Issac, lecturer specializing in information systems and e-management at Paris-Dauphine, says "surrender systematic work on such a platform should strongly encourage students to avoid plagiarism in preparing their work . The only survey conducted on this subject dates from 2007. "It was conducted by the University of Lyons and the society Six Degrees, which broadcast Compilatio.net until 2009," Jean-Noel regrets Darde, blog author Archaeology copy and paste .

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lecturer in information science and communications at Paris-VIII, it is by correcting three memoirs in 2006 that Jean-Noël Darde, interested in plagiarism. "The three papers contained some gray areas on the original text." Going to see the other thirty memories this year, he realizes that a third of the work submitted are subject to plagiarism. No question as to leave the problem alone software: "If you delegate control to a detector antiplagiat similarities, we do not accept responsibility teachers and students. Everyone is capable of changing a word from time to time in a text, even without understanding it. " Moreover, Compilatio.net provides student software pompotron.com that allows them to check their sources. In fact, it is mainly a way for them to check their text will be pinned by Compilatio.net or not.

In 2007, Charles Coustille, studying both Sciences Po Bordeaux and intellectual property law, was shocked to have to go through the detector similarities Compilatio to send its work. Now a doctoral student at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), he wrote a memoir "From academic plagiarism" by inserting paragraphs cleverly plagiarized. He wants to show that with new ideas plagiarism night does not necessarily work quality. "Plagiarism may become a way of creation, from the time the recovery is not trite but thoughtful" , says he. For his study, he submitted a paragraph entirely plagiarized Compilatio software, which detected only 9% of similarities.

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Jean-Noël Darde, what is needed is regular monitoring of the student by his supervisor: "The level of the final text will correspond to its level throughout the Search. " He deplores the tolerance of his peers. In 2007, the National Council of Universities (CNU) had suspended the qualification of a student, without canceling his thesis. A decision upheld by the State Council . But the student, who saw his entry on the list of qualification as a lecturer removed can still argue that it is the author of a thesis. "On March 25 , notes Jean-Noël Darde, the Scientific Council of the University of Paris 8 voted to cancel the related degree with a thesis-plagiarism. A first since the advent of the Internet ".

Face of Plagiarism, solutions differ among countries and academic traditions. In Anglo-Saxon, the emphasis is on deterrence with a reminder of sanctions. "In the United States and Denmark, the universities can sign charters against plagiarism" , notes Charles Coustille. A difference scheme linked to the nature of academic work, as explained by Helen Maurel-Indart. "The Anglo-Saxon culture is based more on personal work, pragmatism and experience. In France we have a tradition of assimilation models. It is respectable, by transcending the original production."

Source: LeMonde.fr (21-05-2010)